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Tubal ligation is not an appropriate form of sterilization for everyone. Women who have had previous abdominal surgeries, diabetes, or are obese tend to have a higher risk of complications related to getting their tubes tied. Women should discuss their options with the doctor to decide if the surgery is right for them. PTLS occurs when the blood supply to the ovaries is damaged during the operation to tie the tubes.
The result of PTLS is a significant decrease in the production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. This can have lasting health effects, including symptoms similar to those of menopause. Women in their 20s appear to be at a higher risk for PTLS than women who have tubal ligations in their 30s and 40s. Many women may worry about side effects after tubal ligation. Generally, these are rare or have been shown to be related to issues other than the surgery. Pregnancy, or failure of the tubal ligation, is one potential unwanted side effect of the procedure.
Women who have had their tubes tied are slightly more likely to have ectopic, or tubal, pregnancies than other women. The U. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention studies show approximately one in women will experience pregnancy after having their tubes tied.
Of these, less than seven out of 1, of the pregnancies will be ectopic, but that number is still higher than the rate of ectopic pregnancies among non-sterilized women. Research conducted over an eight to year period by the U. Collaborative Review of Sterilization and published in showed pregnancy happened in only of the 10, 1.
Women who were under age 30 when they had the procedure had a higher failure rate. Post-Tubal Ligation Syndrome PTLS is a cluster of symptoms reported which include heavy or missing menstrual periods , hormonal problems, or problems that may mimic menopause. Its existence remains controversial among doctors and researchers. Some doctors feel that a loss of blood flow to the severed fallopian tubes is to blame, while others suggest women who were using birth control pills prior to surgery may be more likely to experience PTLS.
They experience symptoms from stopping the contraception, rather than the result of the surgical procedure. Stephen L. Corson, professor at Thomas Jefferson University and Women's Institute in Philadelphia, conducted a study comparing hormone levels in women who had tubal ligations versus those who had not had the surgery.
He found no significant differences in the hormone levels of the groups, indicating no damage to the ovaries from tubal ligation surgery.
Another side effect that may concern women is the reported connection between tubal ligation and the risk of future hysterectomy. Clinical studies published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology show a statistically small increase in hysterectomies in sterilized women in the U.
American Family Physician points out that hysterectomy rates are higher in the U. Women considering tubal ligation may worry about increasing their risk for ovarian cancer or breast cancer , or an increased risk for other diseases. However, the Collaborative Review actually saw a reduction in rates of ovarian cancer in patients who had tubal ligation surgery both in the U.
The rates for pelvic inflammatory disease also decreased in women who had their tubes tied. Several recent studies involving such data do add "biologic plausibility" to certain hypotheses.
A unifying hypothesis to account for disturbances in ovarian function is that tubal ligation results in destruction of the uterovarian blood supply. Different methods of fallopian tube occlusion destroy different parts of the tube and the tube's blood supply. A 2nd hypothesis is that certain types of tubal occlusion are more likely than others to result in endometriosis, which can affect menstrual function.
The 3rd hypothesis is that tubal sterilization may cause an estrogen-progesterone imbalance. Epidemiologic data obtained from shortterm studies fail to support the existence of posttubal ligation syndrome.
According to Peterson, women who did not have adverse bleeding before sterilization were more likely to have adverse bleeding problems than the unsterilized women.
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