The offspring of the mothers fed junk food diets had raised levels of cholesterol as well as higher levels of triglycerides, a type of fat found in the bloodstream.
Both are known to increase the risk of developing heart disease. Similarly, the offspring had higher levels of glucose and insulin, both of which increase the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes.
The researchers studied the rats beyond adolescence through to adulthood and observed that the rats were still fatter than those whose mothers had eaten a healthier diet whilst pregnant and breastfeeding. Crucially, this partly manifested itself as increased fat mass surrounding the kidneys relative to body mass; this so-called perirenal fat is also involved in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
In fact, it may also be true that 'you are what your mother ate. But it does mean that mothers must eat responsibly whilst pregnant. Although the study was only carried out in rats, Professor Stickland believes the findings are likely to be applicable to humans.
A British Medical Journal 3 study also showed a correlation between parental and child weight. Two mothers in this case series had given birth to babies that had a distinct smell of cumin. The newborn of another woman had a sharp odour of fenugreek, a leguminous plant with seeds that have a slightly sweet, nutty flavour.
Food and drink that we ingest are broken down into small molecules by our stomach and intestines, and are then absorbed and transferred to our blood stream. Inside the womb, the fetus sits within a membrane amniotic sac that is filled with mucous-like fluid amniotic fluid.
The developing baby is able to urinate into the amniotic fluid, which means that at least a portion of the odorous molecules that originated with the mother can be transferred to the baby via the placenta and umbilical cord, and end up in the amniotic fluid.
After bathing in a sac full of smelly fluid for forty weeks, it would be no wonder that a fetus would also come out of the sac with a bit of a pong. The researchers identified ten women who were about to undergo a routine amniocentesis.
Amniocentesis is a procedure in which a small sample of amniotic fluid is drawn out of the amniotic sac by a large needle to undergo medical testing. All of the women were in the second trimester of their pregnancy. About forty-five minutes before their amniocentesis, five women were asked to swallow a capsule that contained garlic extract, while the other five woman swallowed a capsule containing milk.
The results were unequivocal. Myth : You need to drink milk to make milk. Fact: A breastfeeding mother may feel hungry and thirsty more often. Fact : Food allergies in breastfed infants are usually due to substances passing into breastmilk rather than breastmilk itself. Fact : Excess lactose in babies can be misdiagnosed as an allergy or colic. Fact: Vitamin B 12 and calcium are important for a balanced diet.
Fact : Vitamin D def iciency rickets occurs because of a deficiency in sunlight exposure, NOT because of a deficiency in human milk. Fact : Some women may need extra Vitamin D. Myth: Food whic h makes a mother gassy will make her baby gassy. Maternal Nutrition During Breastfeeding. New Beginnings, ; 21 2 : Nutrients and contaminants in human milk from mothers on macrobiotic and omnivorous diets. Eur J Clin Nutr, ; 46 5 : The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding. Eighth Edition, ; Lactose Intolerance, Diarrhea, and Allergy.
Breastfeeding Abstracts , ; 18 2 : Does avoidance of peanuts in early life reduce the risk of peanut allergy? BMJ , ; Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. N Engl J Med, ; 9 : The Breastfeeding Answer Book. Third Revised Edition, ; New Beginnings , ; 21 2 : Nutritional concerns of lactating women consuming vegetarian diets. Ensuring women have nutritious diets and adequate services and care is fundamental for the survival and well-being of mothers and their children.
Before pregnancy, women need nutritious and safe diets to establish sufficient reserves for pregnancy. During pregnancy and breastfeeding, energy and nutrient needs increase.
But in many parts of the world, the nutritional status of women is unacceptably poor. Far too many women — especially adolescents and those who are nutritionally at-risk — are not receiving the nutrition services they need to be healthy and give their babies the best chance to survive, grow and develop. During pregnancy, poor diets lacking in key nutrients — like iodine, iron, folate, calcium and zinc — can cause anaemia, pre-eclampsia, haemorrhage and death in mothers. They can also lead to stillbirth, low birthweight , wasting and developmental delays for children.
Poor nutrition during breastfeeding makes it more challenging for mothers to replenish their nutrient stores and meet their additional dietary needs.
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